Step 1: Divide the number into separate digits:
01354 => 0 1 3 5 4
Step 2: Calculate the distance between each digit and the next (the last digit with the first):
0 to 1 = 1
1 to 3 = 2
3 to 5 = 2
5 to 4 = 1
4 to 0 = 4
Step 3: Combine the filters to a string:
1 2 2 1 4 = 12214